Pirate snacks

Hardtack history

William Burney, in A New Universal Dictionary of the Marine (London, T. Cadell & W. Davies: 1815), gives the best description of the process of making hard tack (biscuit):

The process of biscuit-making for the navy is simple and ingenious and is near as follows. A large lump of dough, consisting merely of flower and water, is mixed up together, and placed exactly in the centre of a raised platform, where a man sits upon a machine, called a horse and literally rides up and down throughout its whole circular direction, till the dough is equally indented, and this is repeated till the dough is sufficiently kneaded. In this state, it is handed over to a second workman, who, with a large knife, puts it in a proper state for the use of those bakers who more immediately attend the oven. They are five in number, and their different departments are well calculated for expedition and exactness. The first man on the farthest side of a large table moulds the dough till it has the appearance of muffins, and which he does two together, with each hand, and then delivers them over to the man on the other side of the table, who stamps them on both sides with a mark, and throws them on a smaller table, where stands the third workman, whose business is merely to separate the different pieces into two, and place them under the hand of him who supplies the oven, whose work of throwing or chucking the biscuits on the peel must be performed with the greatest exactness and regularity.

The fifth arranges them in the oven and is so expert that though the different biscuits are thrown to him at the rate of seventy in a minute, the peel is always disengaged in time to receive them separately. So much critical exactness and neat activity occur in the exercise of this labor that it is difficult to decide whether the palm of excellence is due to the moulder, the maker, the splitter, the chucker, or the depositor; all of them, like the wheels of a machine, seeming to be actuated by the same principle. The business is to deposit in the oven seventy biscuits in a minute, and this is accomplished with the regularity of a clock; the clack of the peel, during its motion in the oven, operating like the pendulum. The biscuits thus baked are kept in repositories, which receive warmth from being placed in drying lofts over the ovens till they are sufficiently dry to be packed into bags, without danger of getting mouldy; and when in such a state, they are then packed into bags, of a hundred weight each, and removed into store-house for immediate use. At Deptford, the bake-house belonging to the victualling office has twelve ovens; each of which bakes twenty shoots daily; the quantity of flour used for each shoot is two bushels, or 112 pounds; which baked, produce 102 pounds of biscuit. Ten pounds are regularly allowed on each shoot for shrinkage. The allowance of biscuits in the navy is one pound for each man per day; at Deptford alone, they can furnish bread daily for 24,480 men, independent of Portsmouth and Plymouth.